Great Mining Camps of Canada 3. The History and Geology of the Buchans Mine, Newfoundland and Labrador

The 1905 mineral discovery at Buchans River resulted from efforts by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company Lim ited (AND) to establish a pulp and paper industry in central Newfoundland. The discovery is attributed to Matty Mitchell, a legendary Mi’kmaq guide, who was employed by AND to assist William Canning in prospecting for sulphur on company leasehold land. The company explored the prospect and developed a small deposit, under the supervision of William Scott; however, early attempts to create a producing mine were frustrated by metallurgical difficulties and ended in 1911. Harry Guess, a director of the American Smelting and Refining Company Incorporated, (later ASARCO) had heard about the discovery, and in 1916 contacted William Scott. ASARCO conducted extensive research on samples of Buchans ore, and by 1925 had developed a successful metallurgical method of separating the fine-grained zinc, lead and copper minerals. In 1926, ASARCO entered into a 25-year agreement with AND and its subsidiary, Terra Nova Properties, to develop Buchans; Guess also made the decision to hire pioneer Swedish geo-physicist Hans Lundberg to conduct electrical prospecting on the property. In June and July of that year, Lundberg used his new geophysical technique to discover the Lucky Strike and Oriental orebodies. They would ultimately prove to be the first discoveries in North America attributed to the emerging science of electromagnetic prospecting. A production shaft was collared at Lucky Strike in 1926 and under the supervision of J. Ward Williams, construction began the following year on a 450 tonne per day mill as well as the townsite, railroad, hydroelectric plant and other facilities. The complex began production in September 1928 and by the end of 1929, ore reserves were approximately 5.6 million tonnes. The mill was enlarged to 1100 tonnes per day in 1931; by the end of 1947, ore reserves had declined to 1.4 million tonnes. However, renewed exploration resulted in two discoveries in 1947 and 1950, named the Rothermere and MacLean orebodies, respectively. The Buchans orebodies are part of the Middle Ordovician Buchans Group, which comprises an allochthonous sequence of bimodal, submarine volcanic rocks that were deposited in the Iapetus Ocean near the margin of Laurentia. These ore-bodies are classified as volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits and are among the highest-grade examples of this class worldwide. From 1928 to 1984, ASARCO mined approximately 16 million tonnes from five orebodies, with an average mill head grade of 14.51% zinc, 7.56% lead, 1.33% copper, 126 g/t silver and 1.37 g/t gold. Apart from their high grade, these deposits are remarkable for the extensive development of debris-flow ores, which provided important evidence for seafloor deposition of VMS deposits in an era when this concept was not widely accepted. SOMMAIRE La découverte minérale de 1905 à Buchans River, découle des activités déployées par Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company Limited (AND) pour établir une industrie des pâtes et papiers dans le centre de Terre-Neuve. La découverte est attribuée à Matty Mitchell, un guide Micmac légendaire à l’emploi d’AND comme assistant de William Canning qui cherchait des indices de soufre sur des terres à bail de l'entreprise. L'entreprise a poursuivi des travaux sur le gisement et développé un petit dépôt, sous la supervision de William Scott; cependant, cette première tentative pour créer une mine n’a pas aboutie à cause de problèmes métallurgiques et en 1911, les travaux ont cessé. Harry Guess, un administrateur d’American Smelting and Refining Company Incorporated, (qui deviendra ASARCO) avait entendu parler de la découverte a contacté William Scott en 1916. ASARCO a réalisé des recherches approfondies sur les échantillons de minerai de Buchans et, en 1925 a mis au point un procédé métallurgique efficace permettant de séparer les grains fins de minéraux de zinc, plomb et cuivre. En 1926, ASARCO a conclu une entente de 25 ans avec ADN et sa filiale, Propriétés Terra Nova, pour la mise en valeur de Buchans; Guess a également décidé d'embaucher le pionnier suédois de la géophysique Hans Lundberg, afin de procéder à la prospection électrique de la propriété. En juin et juillet de cette année, Lundberg a utilisé sa nouvelle technique géophysique pour délimiter les gisements Lucky Strike et Oriental. Ce seront les toutes premières découvertes en Amérique du Nord attribuées à la nouvelle technique de prospection électromagnétique. Un puits a été foncé à Lucky Strike en 1926 et l’année suivante, sous la supervision de J. Ward Williams on a commencé la construction d’une usine de traitement d’une capacité de 450 tonnes par jour ainsi que l’aménagement d’une ville minière, d’un chemin de fer, d’une centrale hydroélectrique et d'autres installations. Le complexe a commencé la production en Septembre 1928 et à la fin de 1929, les réserves de minerai totalisaient environ 5,6 millions de tonnes. En 1931, la capacité de l'u-sine a été portée à 1100 tonnes par jour; vers la fin de 1947, les réserves de minerai avaient diminué à 1,4 millions de tonnes. Cependant, une nouvelle campagne d’exploration a conduit à deux découvertes en 1947 et 1950, soit le gisement de Rothermere et le gisement de MacLean. Les gisements minéralisés de Buchans font partie du Groupe de Buchans de l’Ordovicien moyen, et qui comprend une séquence allochtone bimodale de roches volcaniques sous-marines déposées dans l’océan Iapetus près de la marge de Laurentia. Ces gisements minéraux sont des dépôts de type sulfures massifs volcanogéniques (SMV) et sont parmi les exemples à plus haute teneur de ce type dans le monde. De 1928 à 1984, ASARCO a extrait environ 16 millions de tonnes de cinq gisements, avec une teneur moyenne du minerai traité de 14,51 % de zinc, de 7,56 % de plomb, de 1,33 % de cuivre, 126 g/t d’argent et 1,37 g/t d'or. Outre leur haute teneur, ces dépôts sont caractérisés par leur forte proportion de minerai en coulée de débris, ce qui a constitué un indice déterminant en faveur de l’hypothèse de dépôts de SMV sur les fonds marins, à une époque où ce concept n’était pas encore bien accepté

By the waters of Minnetonka: an Indian love song

https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/sheetmusic/1132/thumbnail.jp

By the waters of Minnetonka: an Indian love song

https://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/sheetmusic/1131/thumbnail.jp

By the Waters of Minnetonka : An Indian Love Song

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/1195/thumbnail.jp

Macro-micro feedback links of water management in South Africa : CGE analyses of selected policy regimes

The pressure on an already stressed water situation in South Africa is predicted to increase significantly under climate change, plans for large industrial expansion, observed rapid urbanization, and government programs to provide access to water to millions of previously excluded people. The present study employed a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy-wide impacts of selected macro and water related policy reforms on water use and allocation, rural livelihoods, and the economy at large. The analyses reveal that implicit crop-level water quotas reduce the amount of irrigated land allocated to higher-value horticultural crops and create higher shadow rents for production of lower-value, water-intensive field crops, such as sugarcane and fodder. Accordingly, liberalizing local water allocation in irrigation agriculture is found to work in favor of higher-value crops, and expand agricultural production and exports and farm employment. Allowing for water trade between irrigation and non-agricultural uses fueled by higher competition for water from industrial expansion and urbanization leads to greater water shadow prices for irrigation water with reduced income and employment benefits to rural households and higher gains for non-agricultural households. The analyses show difficult tradeoffs between general economic gains and higher water prices, making irrigation subsidies difficult to justify.Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water Supply and Systems,Water and Industry,Water Conservation

Critical analysis of the governance of the Sainte Luce Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA), southeast Madagascar

The Marine Protected Area Governance (MPAG) framework is applied to critically assess the governance of the Sainte Luce Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA), southeast Madagascar. Madagascar experiences rapid population growth, widespread poverty, corruption and political instability, which hinders natural resource governance. Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has been repeatedly employed to circumvent the lack of state capacity. This includes the LMMA model, which has rapidly proliferated, represented by MIHARI, Madagascar's LMMA network. The lobster fishing is the primary source of income for households in the impoverished community of Sainte Luce, one of the key landing sites in the regional export industry. However, fishers, industry actors and available data suggest a significant decline of local and regional stocks, likely due to over-exploitation driven by poverty and migration. In 2013, SEED Madagascar a UK NGO, worked to establish community-based fishery management in Sainte Luce, setting up a local management committee, which introduced a periodic no take zone (NTZ). Despite the community's efforts and some significant achievements, the efficacy of management is limited. To date, limited state support and the lack of engagement by actors throughout the value chain have hampered effective governance. The study reinforces the finding that resilient governance relies on a diversity of actors and the incentives they collectively employ. Here and elsewhere, there is a limit to what can be achieved by bottom-up approaches in isolation. Resilient management of marine resources in Madagascar relies on improving the capacity of community, state, NGO and industry actors to collectively govern resources

The effects of repeated-sprint training on physical fitness and physiological adaptation in athletes:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Repeated-sprint training (RST) is a common training method for enhancing physical fitness in athletes. To advance RST prescription, it is important to understand the effects of programming variables on physical fitness and physiological adaptation.ObjectivesThis study (1) quantifies the pooled effects of running RST on changes in 10 and 20 m sprint time, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) distance, repeated-sprint ability (RSA), countermovement jump (CMJ) height and change of direction (COD) ability in athletes, and (2) examines the moderating effects of program duration, training frequency, weekly volume, sprint modality, repetition distance, number of repetitions per set and number of sets per session on changes in these outcome measures.MethodsPubmed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus databases were searched for original research articles up to 04 July 2023, investigating RST in healthy, able-bodied athletes, between 14 and 35 years of age, and a performance calibre of trained or above. RST interventions were limited to repeated, maximal running (land-based) sprints of ≤ 10 s duration, with ≤ 60 s recovery, performed for 2–12 weeks. A Downs and Black checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed-effects meta-analysis, with standardised mean changes determined for all outcomes. Standardised effects [Hedges G (G)] were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) intervals (CI) using a strength and conditioning specific reference value of G = 0.25 to declare an improvement (i.e. G > 0.25) or impairment (i.e. G < − 0.25) in outcome measures. Applying the same analysis, the effects of programming variables were then evaluated against a reference RST program, consisting of three sets of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints performed twice per week for 6 weeks (1200 m weekly volume).Results40 publications were included in our investigation, with data from 48 RST groups (541 athletes) and 19 active control groups (213 athletes). Across all studies, the effects of RST were compatible with improvements in VO2max (G 0.56, 90% CI 0.32–0.80), YYIR1 distance (G 0.61, 90% CI 0.43–0.79), RSA decrement (G − 0.61, 90% CI − 0.85 to − 0.37), linear sprint times (10 m: G − 0.35, 90% CI − 0.48 to − 0.22; 20 m: G − 0.48, 90% CI − 0.69 to − 0.27), RSA average time (G − 0.34, 90% CI − 0.49 to − 0.18), CMJ height (G 0.26, 90% CI 0.13–0.39) and COD ability (G − 0.32, 90% CI − 0.52 to − 0.12). Compared with the reference RST program, the effects of manipulating training frequency (+ 1 session per week), program duration (+ 1 extra training week), RST volume (+ 200 m per week), number of reps (+ 2 per set), number of sets per session (+ 1 set) or rep distance (+ 10 m per rep) were either non-substantial or comparable with an impairment in at least one outcome measure per programming variable.ConclusionsRunning-based RST improves speed, intermittent running performance, VO2max, RSA, COD ability and CMJ height in trained athletes. Performing three sets of 6 × 30 m sprints, twice per week for 6 weeks is effective for enhancing physical fitness and physiological adaptation. Additionally, since our findings do not provide conclusive support for the manipulation of RST variables, further work is needed to better understand how programming factors can be manipulated to augment training-induced adaptations.Study RegistrationOpen Science Framework registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RVNDW